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D-glucose may be biotransformed and then react with various molecules to form catecholamines in vivo . In this scenario, D-glucose is converted to gallic acid (or a similar phenylic molecule) and then reacts with ethanol, various amino acids (alanine, aspartate, serine), endocannabinoids (anandamide, 2-AG), or fats (phosphatidylethanolamine or related molecules) to form dopamine or norepinephrine. The yellow boxes inside the blue circle highlight the moiety, in many cases ethylamine or ethanolamine, that reacts with gallic acid (which is decarboxylated) to form dopamine or norepinephrine, which can then lead to formation of epinephrine through the canonical molecular pathway described over 70 years ago. Double arrows indicate two or more chemical reactions.

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Glucose may be biotransformed and then react with alcohol, fats, endocannabinoids, or various amino acids to form dopamine or norepinephrine in vivo

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1715092

Figure Lengend Snippet: D-glucose may be biotransformed and then react with various molecules to form catecholamines in vivo . In this scenario, D-glucose is converted to gallic acid (or a similar phenylic molecule) and then reacts with ethanol, various amino acids (alanine, aspartate, serine), endocannabinoids (anandamide, 2-AG), or fats (phosphatidylethanolamine or related molecules) to form dopamine or norepinephrine. The yellow boxes inside the blue circle highlight the moiety, in many cases ethylamine or ethanolamine, that reacts with gallic acid (which is decarboxylated) to form dopamine or norepinephrine, which can then lead to formation of epinephrine through the canonical molecular pathway described over 70 years ago. Double arrows indicate two or more chemical reactions.

Article Snippet: Instead of ethanol, the following other molecules could be administered (as shown in ): alanine (MilliporeSigma; D,L-alanine-2,3,3,3-d4; catalog # 488917), aspartate (MilliporeSigma; D,L-aspartic acid-2,3,3-d3; catalog # 589667), serine (MilliporeSigma; D,L-serine-2,3,3-d3; catalog # 688436), anandamide (could be custom synthesized by various companies), 2-AG (MedChemExpress; 2-arachidonoylglycerol-d5; catalog # HY-W011051S1), or phosphatidylethanolamine (BOC Sciences, Shirley, NY).

Techniques: In Vivo